Answer box
Steel forgings under CN 7326 cover a broad range of articles — flanges, hooks, gears, agricultural implements, hand tools, railway parts — made by hot or cold forging of iron or steel. Only direct emissions count: the fuel burned to heat the billet, process emissions where present, and the billet precursor’s embedded emissions. Electricity used in the forging process does not add to the CBAM figure.
Typical production routes
- Hot forging from billet (CN 7207) — gas-fired or induction-heated, then hammer or press forged.
- Cold forging from bar — energy mostly electrical (not counted) but may include lubrication and surface prep energy.
- Open die forging — larger parts, higher energy per tonne.
- Closed die (drop) forging — automated, higher throughput, lower energy per piece.
Indian cluster context
Ludhiana (Punjab) is a global hub for cold- and hot-forged hand tools and auto parts. Many units buy wire rod (CN 7213) or bar from one of a few Punjab-area long-product mills. The engine routes the precursor emissions through that chain.
What to ask your supplier
- Fuel bills for forging operations, especially natural gas or furnace oil.
- Billet or bar procurement — origin, grade, mass, and any emissions data from the long-product mill.
- Production tonnes by product and CN subheading.
- Heat treatment energy post-forging (quenching, tempering) — often the biggest single energy line.